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Hence, uninterrupted resource utilization is an extremely important issue. Activities that repeat from unit to unit require a construction schedule that facilitates the uninterrupted flow of resources (i.e., worker teams) from one unit to the next, because it is often this requirement that establishes activity starting times and determines the overall project duration. These multiunit projects are characterized by repeated activities, which usually arise from the subdivision of a generalized activity into specific activities associated with particular units.
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Nuclear plant construction contractors often encounter projects that contain several identical or similar units, such as floors in multistory buildings, houses in housing developments, meters in pipelines, or stations in a nuclear plant. With an unreliable schedule, project participants are likely to neglect the official plan and work towards their own priorities, potentially leading to conflicts, low productivity, and considerable waste. However, in reality, resources, including crew size, equipment, and materials, are limited. In traditional CPM and PERT analysis, a major objective is to establish the feasible duration required to perform a specific project under the assumption of unlimited resources. Since the late 1950s, the critical path method (CPM) and program evaluation and review technique (PERT) have been intensively used by practitioners to plan and control large-scale projects in the construction industry. The main objective of solving this problem is to develop optimal schedules with regard to resource allocation (subject to resource availability), resource leveling, and project duration minimization or constriction within given deadlines. Reliable construction schedules are vital for effective coordination across supply chains and various trades at the construction work face. In particular, the resource-constrained scheduling problem has been extensively studied as a key component of project scheduling analysis. Nuclear power plant construction scheduling problems have been the subject of extensive research for several years in the optimization field, with the aim of practical application. Hence, an efficient scheduling algorithm for nuclear power plant construction is highly beneficial. Further, this may damage the company’s reputation and lose them future contracts. That is, if the project is completed later than the due time but still meets the deadline, the owners may impose a penalty on the construction company and/or reactor builder, and if the project does not meet the deadline, the penalty is even greater. However, design-build contracts usually place a restrictive due time and deadline for their projects. Efficient scheduling of projects is a key component of effective utilization of construction companies and reactor builders. In total, over 160 power reactors with a total net capacity of about 186,000 MWe are planned and over 300 more have been proposed. Many countries with existing nuclear power projects (Argentina, Armenia, Brazil, Bulgaria, China, Czech Rep., India, Pakistan, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Korea, South Africa, UAE, Ukraine, UK, and USA) have plans to build new reactors beyond those already under construction. In this paper, a hierarchical particle swarm optimization algorithm is proposed to solve the nuclear power plant construction scheduling problem and minimize the occurrence of projects failing to achieve deliverables within applicable due times and deadlines. The issues of multiple construction teams and multiple reactor installation teams are considered. In nuclear power plant construction scheduling, a project is generally defined by its dependent preparation time, the time required for construction, and its reactor installation time.